Pharmos Corp. (Nasdaq: PARS) today announced preliminary results from its Phase 2a study evaluating intravenous (i.v.) cannabinor, a CB2-selective synthetic cannabinoid compound, in a capsaicin-induced pain model. The drug candidate did not meet the primary endpoint defined by analgesic effects compared to placebo, but confirmed safety and tolerability observed in previous studies. All subjects completed the treatment with no serious adverse events or significant cardiovascular effects.
The randomized, double-blinded, two-way crossover study enrolled 24 healthy male volunteers to compare 48mg of cannabinor delivered intravenously versus placebo on capsaicin-evoked allodynia (pain resulting from a non- noxious stimulus to the skin) and hyperalgesia (abnormally increased pain sense).
"While we are disappointed that cannabinor did not show efficacy in this pain model, we have a newly developed oral formulation of cannabinor targeting chronic neuropathic pain with repeated administration," said Dr. Haim Aviv, Chairman & CEO. "We plan to move forward with the program for orally administered cannabinor, and our next step is to conduct a Phase I safety trial in healthy volunteers. Based on preclinical results of oral cannabinor, its prospects as a potential treatment for neuropathic pain are promising." Pharmos recently completed preclinical toxicology and safety pharmacology studies of oral cannabinor, the data from which support initiation of Phase 1 testing.
The Company expects to complete its separate, ongoing Phase 2a clinical trial of cannabinor as a treatment for nociceptive pain in the first quarter of 2007. The single-center, randomized, double-blinded, single-administration study compares different i.v. doses of cannabinor with placebo. The completed study will involve 100 healthy male subjects experiencing pain following third molar dental extraction.
About Cannabinor and CB2-Selective Cannabinoids
Cannabinor has demonstrated efficacy in a number of preclinical animal models of pain, inflammation and autoimmune disease. Analgesic activity has been documented in nociceptive, neuropathic, visceral and inflammatory pain in rodents and in post-operative pain in a porcine surgery model. The magnitude of analgesia was generally equivalent or greater than that of accepted comparator agents, including morphine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and Gabapentin. In a number of models where duration of analgesia was measured, cannabinor remained effective at reducing pain significantly longer than morphine. Preliminary evidence from preclinical studies also suggests that tolerance to the therapeutic effect of cannabinor might not occur. A drug that remains effective without increasing dosage would be a valuable advance in treating severe pain.
Pharmos' cannabinoid research focus has been geared toward the development of selective and specific CB2 receptor agonists. Because they range from having little (CB2-selective) to barely detectable (CB2-specific) affinity for the central nervous system-located CB1 receptor, CB2-selective and -specific agonists lack the unwanted psychotropic side effects of many natural cannabinoids. CB2 agonists bind to CB2 receptors, which are located on immune and inflammatory cells. By activating CB2 receptors, CB2 agonists inhibit autoimmune and inflammatory processes, and are likely to be useful for treating pain, autoimmune, inflammatory and degenerative disorders. Pharmos is developing its CB2 agonists as treatments for chronic pain and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Cannabinor is the first lead candidate to emerge from this body of Pharmos' proprietary technology.
About Pharmos Corporation
Pharmos discovers and develops novel therapeutics to treat a range of indications with a focus on specific diseases of the nervous system including disorders of the brain-gut axis (gastrointestinal/irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)), pain/inflammation, and autoimmune disorders. The Company's lead product, dextofisopam, has completed Phase 2a testing in IBS, with positive effect on the primary efficacy endpoint (n=141, p=0.033). The Company plans a Phase 2b study of dextofisopam for the treatment of IBS in 2007. The Company's core proprietary technology platform focuses on discovery and development of synthetic cannabinoid compounds. Cannabinor and other CB2 agonist compounds in Pharmos' pipeline are in clinical and pre-clinical studies targeting pain, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and other disorders. Pharmos is also working to commercialize its unique proprietary NanoEmulsion drug delivery system, which is in clinical stage development for topical application of analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.
Pharmos Corp.
http://www.pharmoscorp.com
May 7, 2007
Long-Term Narcotics Use For Back Pain May Be Ineffective And Lead To Abuse
Narcotic drugs (opioids) are commonly prescribed for short-term relief of chronic back pain, but their effectiveness long-term has been questioned in a review article by researchers at Yale School of Medicine, who also found that behaviors consistent with opioid abuse was reported in 24 percent of cases.
"Patients with chronic back pain commonly request pain medication, and opioid medications are used despite the concerns clinicians have with patients developing an addiction to these medications," said first author Bridget Martell, M.D., assistant clinical professor of general internal medicine at Yale School of Medicine. "Our findings suggest that clinicians should consider other treatments with similar benefits but fewer long-term adverse effects."
Published in the January 16 Annals of Internal Medicine, Martell and co-authors conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis that addressed the prevalence and effectiveness of opioid prescriptions for patients with chronic back pain, and the incidence of substance abuse disorders among patients receiving opioid medications for chronic back pain.
The study populations consisted of non-obstetric patients over age 18 with non-malignant chronic back pain lasting for at least three months. The research focused on efficacy of oral, transdermal, or topical opioids, where there was no pre-existing diagnosis of opioid dependence. According to the report, opioids may be effective for the short-term (less than four months) treatment of chronic low back pain, but long-term effectiveness was not conclusive.
"Our results also demonstrate that the quality of the literature on these topics is generally weak and more studies need to be done before firm conclusions can be made," said Martell.
###
In addition to Martell and corresponding author David Fiellin, M.D., associate professor of general internal medicine at Yale, other authors on the study included Patrick G. O'Connor, M.D., Robert D. Kerns, William C. Becker, M.D., Knashawn H. Morales and Thomas R. Kosten, M.D.
Citation: Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 146, No. 2 (January 16, 2007)
Yale News Releases are available via the World Wide Web at http://www.yale.edu/opa
For further information please go to:
Yale University
"Patients with chronic back pain commonly request pain medication, and opioid medications are used despite the concerns clinicians have with patients developing an addiction to these medications," said first author Bridget Martell, M.D., assistant clinical professor of general internal medicine at Yale School of Medicine. "Our findings suggest that clinicians should consider other treatments with similar benefits but fewer long-term adverse effects."
Published in the January 16 Annals of Internal Medicine, Martell and co-authors conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis that addressed the prevalence and effectiveness of opioid prescriptions for patients with chronic back pain, and the incidence of substance abuse disorders among patients receiving opioid medications for chronic back pain.
The study populations consisted of non-obstetric patients over age 18 with non-malignant chronic back pain lasting for at least three months. The research focused on efficacy of oral, transdermal, or topical opioids, where there was no pre-existing diagnosis of opioid dependence. According to the report, opioids may be effective for the short-term (less than four months) treatment of chronic low back pain, but long-term effectiveness was not conclusive.
"Our results also demonstrate that the quality of the literature on these topics is generally weak and more studies need to be done before firm conclusions can be made," said Martell.
###
In addition to Martell and corresponding author David Fiellin, M.D., associate professor of general internal medicine at Yale, other authors on the study included Patrick G. O'Connor, M.D., Robert D. Kerns, William C. Becker, M.D., Knashawn H. Morales and Thomas R. Kosten, M.D.
Citation: Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 146, No. 2 (January 16, 2007)
Yale News Releases are available via the World Wide Web at http://www.yale.edu/opa
For further information please go to:
Yale University
Childhood Obesity Linked To Foot Pain
January 17, 2007) Doctors with the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS) say they're noticing more and more overweight and obese children with foot and ankle pain in their examining rooms, mirroring a national epidemic of childhood obesity.
An estimated 16 percent of U.S. children ages six to 19 are overweight. Poor diet, lack of exercise and genetics can play a role. A "vicious cycle" of foot pain and obesity traps some children.
"You want overweight children to exercise and lose weight, but because of their weight, their feet hurt and they can't exercise," says Thanh Dinh, DPM, FACFAS, a foot and ankle surgeon in Boston.
The foot is a complex structure consisting of 26 bones, 33 joints and more than 100 muscles, tendons and ligaments. Last November, researchers in Britain reported "alarming new evidence that childhood obesity changes foot structure and results in instability when walking." Being overweight flattens the foot, straining the plantar fascia, a band of tissue which runs from the heel to the base of the toes, causing heel pain.
Because the heel bone is not fully developed until age 14 or older, overweight children are more prone to Sever's disease. Although not an actual disease, according to FootPhysicians.com, it involves an inflammation of the heel's growth plate due to muscle strain and repetitive stress. Walking makes the pain worse. Being overweight may also cause stress fractures, or hairline fractures (breaks) in a child's heel bone.
Arch pain afflicts many of the children treated by Darryl Haycock, DPM, FACFAS. The northwest Ohio foot and ankle surgeon says the average age of these boys and girls ranges from eight to 12, but he's treated some as young as four.
"The numbers are definitely increasing. I treat four to five overweight children a week," he says.
Haycock notes some overweight children suffer foot pain from congenital or inherited foot conditions, such as bunions, hammertoes, pediatric flatfoot and tarsal coalition, an abnormal connection between two or more bones in the back of the foot. Children with these deformities may be less active because of pain. Sometimes a child will complain of calf or arch pain. This results from a flatfoot that is flexible. The collapsing of the arch can require more energy, making it more difficult for a child to walk and run.
Foot and ankle surgeons treat many overweight children with custom orthotic devices (shoe inserts), physical therapy and other conservative measures to reduce or eliminate pain. But treating painful feet and ankles is only part of the childhood weight loss equation, says Samuel Nava, DPM, FACFAS. The suburban Dallas surgeon has treated weight-related foot problems in toddlers to teenagers.
"As foot and ankle surgeons, we can reduce the aches and pains so these children can run around and play like all the other kids, but parents need to watch their childrens' lifestyles and diets," he says.
For more information on pediatric foot and ankle conditions, or to find a foot and ankle surgeon, visit the ACFAS patient information Web site, http://FootPhysicians.com.
The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS) is a professional society of more than 6,000 foot and ankle surgeons. Founded in 1942, the College's mission is to promote research and provide continuing education for the foot and ankle surgical specialty, and to educate the general public on foot health and conditions of the foot and ankle through its consumer website, http://www.footphysicians.com.
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
8725 W. Higgins Rd., #555
Chicago, IL 60631
United States
http://www.acfas.org
An estimated 16 percent of U.S. children ages six to 19 are overweight. Poor diet, lack of exercise and genetics can play a role. A "vicious cycle" of foot pain and obesity traps some children.
"You want overweight children to exercise and lose weight, but because of their weight, their feet hurt and they can't exercise," says Thanh Dinh, DPM, FACFAS, a foot and ankle surgeon in Boston.
The foot is a complex structure consisting of 26 bones, 33 joints and more than 100 muscles, tendons and ligaments. Last November, researchers in Britain reported "alarming new evidence that childhood obesity changes foot structure and results in instability when walking." Being overweight flattens the foot, straining the plantar fascia, a band of tissue which runs from the heel to the base of the toes, causing heel pain.
Because the heel bone is not fully developed until age 14 or older, overweight children are more prone to Sever's disease. Although not an actual disease, according to FootPhysicians.com, it involves an inflammation of the heel's growth plate due to muscle strain and repetitive stress. Walking makes the pain worse. Being overweight may also cause stress fractures, or hairline fractures (breaks) in a child's heel bone.
Arch pain afflicts many of the children treated by Darryl Haycock, DPM, FACFAS. The northwest Ohio foot and ankle surgeon says the average age of these boys and girls ranges from eight to 12, but he's treated some as young as four.
"The numbers are definitely increasing. I treat four to five overweight children a week," he says.
Haycock notes some overweight children suffer foot pain from congenital or inherited foot conditions, such as bunions, hammertoes, pediatric flatfoot and tarsal coalition, an abnormal connection between two or more bones in the back of the foot. Children with these deformities may be less active because of pain. Sometimes a child will complain of calf or arch pain. This results from a flatfoot that is flexible. The collapsing of the arch can require more energy, making it more difficult for a child to walk and run.
Foot and ankle surgeons treat many overweight children with custom orthotic devices (shoe inserts), physical therapy and other conservative measures to reduce or eliminate pain. But treating painful feet and ankles is only part of the childhood weight loss equation, says Samuel Nava, DPM, FACFAS. The suburban Dallas surgeon has treated weight-related foot problems in toddlers to teenagers.
"As foot and ankle surgeons, we can reduce the aches and pains so these children can run around and play like all the other kids, but parents need to watch their childrens' lifestyles and diets," he says.
For more information on pediatric foot and ankle conditions, or to find a foot and ankle surgeon, visit the ACFAS patient information Web site, http://FootPhysicians.com.
The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS) is a professional society of more than 6,000 foot and ankle surgeons. Founded in 1942, the College's mission is to promote research and provide continuing education for the foot and ankle surgical specialty, and to educate the general public on foot health and conditions of the foot and ankle through its consumer website, http://www.footphysicians.com.
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
8725 W. Higgins Rd., #555
Chicago, IL 60631
United States
http://www.acfas.org
Leading Radiofrequency Manufacturer Introduces A New Product For Treating Heel Pain
NeuroTherm, Inc., a global leader in radiofrequency generators for chronic pain management, announces the introduction of an RF product specifically for the podiatric market: The PodiaTherm RF Generator, designed to treat chronic heel pain, which often is associated with plantar fasciitis.
Plantar fasciitis, or inflammation of the plantar fascia, is considered the most common cause of heel pain. The plantar fascia is a ligament connecting the heel bone to the toes and supporting the arch of the foot. If strained, it can develop small tears and be weakened, swollen or irritated, thus resulting in pain while walking or standing.
"As many as two million Americans are affected by plantar fasciitis each year," says William Rittman, NeuroTherm's Chief Technology Officer. "Of those, approximately 10 percent require advanced treatment because conventional therapies, such as over-the-counter medications, splints and rest, haven't alleviated the pain. That's where PodiaTherm can help."
The PodiaTherm employs radiofrequency therapy to block the pain by affecting the nerve causing the pain, Rittman says. Basically, the physician isolates the sensory nerve, which is a branch of the lateral plantar nerve, and inserts an RF electrode. The PodiaTherm then transmits a signal through the electrode, creating a lesion on the nerve in a process called thermoneurolysis.
"Once conventional therapies have been exhausted, patients have had fewer treatment options other than surgery. This will be a minimally invasive, office-based procedure," says Laurence Hicks, NeuroTherm CEO and President. Previously, advanced, non-surgical therapies either required bruising the tendons with shockwaves or making an inch-long incision to treat the tendon internally. The PodiaTherm requires only a local anesthetic and a needle's width incision. The RF therapy can be performed in a physician's office, at a hospital or in a surgery center.
"RF therapy with the PodiaTherm will become the treatment of choice for many podiatrists and patients, particularly because it's a simple, effective and safe procedure," Hicks states.
According to Rittman, radiofrequency therapy has been used successfully for many years to treat chronic pain. The RF procedure is commonly reimbursed through insurance. It also will cost less than other non-conventional therapies.
Moreover, the PodiaTherm is a small machine, so it can be transported easily from one facility to the next as the physician requires.
NeuroTherm, Inc. is a leading manufacturer of radiofrequency generators and related consumables used in the treatment of chronic pain. The company recently introduced the NT1000, the world's first RF generator capable of producing three lesions simultaneously. NeuroTherm also pioneered the development and use of disposable electrodes in the U.K. market.
NeuroTherm is based in Middleton, MA., with another facility outside London, England. The company was formed in September 2005, as a concurrent acquisition of RDG Medical in the U.K., and RF Medical and Precision Medical Engineering in the U.S. by Cortec Group Fund III, L.P., an affiliate of Cortec Group, Inc. Additional information about NeuroTherm can be found on the Internet at http://www.neurotherm.com.
Additional information about the PodiaTherm RF Generator can be found on the Internet at http://www.podiatherm.com.
NeuroTherm, Inc.
http://www.neurotherm.com
Plantar fasciitis, or inflammation of the plantar fascia, is considered the most common cause of heel pain. The plantar fascia is a ligament connecting the heel bone to the toes and supporting the arch of the foot. If strained, it can develop small tears and be weakened, swollen or irritated, thus resulting in pain while walking or standing.
"As many as two million Americans are affected by plantar fasciitis each year," says William Rittman, NeuroTherm's Chief Technology Officer. "Of those, approximately 10 percent require advanced treatment because conventional therapies, such as over-the-counter medications, splints and rest, haven't alleviated the pain. That's where PodiaTherm can help."
The PodiaTherm employs radiofrequency therapy to block the pain by affecting the nerve causing the pain, Rittman says. Basically, the physician isolates the sensory nerve, which is a branch of the lateral plantar nerve, and inserts an RF electrode. The PodiaTherm then transmits a signal through the electrode, creating a lesion on the nerve in a process called thermoneurolysis.
"Once conventional therapies have been exhausted, patients have had fewer treatment options other than surgery. This will be a minimally invasive, office-based procedure," says Laurence Hicks, NeuroTherm CEO and President. Previously, advanced, non-surgical therapies either required bruising the tendons with shockwaves or making an inch-long incision to treat the tendon internally. The PodiaTherm requires only a local anesthetic and a needle's width incision. The RF therapy can be performed in a physician's office, at a hospital or in a surgery center.
"RF therapy with the PodiaTherm will become the treatment of choice for many podiatrists and patients, particularly because it's a simple, effective and safe procedure," Hicks states.
According to Rittman, radiofrequency therapy has been used successfully for many years to treat chronic pain. The RF procedure is commonly reimbursed through insurance. It also will cost less than other non-conventional therapies.
Moreover, the PodiaTherm is a small machine, so it can be transported easily from one facility to the next as the physician requires.
NeuroTherm, Inc. is a leading manufacturer of radiofrequency generators and related consumables used in the treatment of chronic pain. The company recently introduced the NT1000, the world's first RF generator capable of producing three lesions simultaneously. NeuroTherm also pioneered the development and use of disposable electrodes in the U.K. market.
NeuroTherm is based in Middleton, MA., with another facility outside London, England. The company was formed in September 2005, as a concurrent acquisition of RDG Medical in the U.K., and RF Medical and Precision Medical Engineering in the U.S. by Cortec Group Fund III, L.P., an affiliate of Cortec Group, Inc. Additional information about NeuroTherm can be found on the Internet at http://www.neurotherm.com.
Additional information about the PodiaTherm RF Generator can be found on the Internet at http://www.podiatherm.com.
NeuroTherm, Inc.
http://www.neurotherm.com
April 16, 2007
Consumers Should Talk To Their Pharmacists About Pain Reliever Safety Pharmacists Can Answers Questions If Consumers Have Concerns
Each year, millions of consumers use pain relievers to treat everything from back aches to symptoms associated with the common cold. Some estimates place the number as high as 48 million in a given week. But as with all medications, products containing acetaminophen, aspirin or ibuprofen should be used with care. Exceeding the recommended daily dose can jeopardize the consumer's recovery and pose real health problems. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed that the most popular pain relievers carry additional warnings on their labels that overuse may result in stomach bleeding or liver and kidney damage.
"It is important for consumers to remember that products containing acetaminophen and some of these other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are safe and effective when used properly," said Past APhA President Dr. Jan Engle. "Pharmacists and other healthcare providers always emphasize to patients that they should know the ingredients in all of their medications, including those they buy over the counter. If a patient is concerned that they might be overmedicating, they should speak with their doctor or pharmacist immediately."
APhA recommends the following for consumers who may be taking a pain reliever regularly:
-- Read the label, Follow the Directions -- Consumers should always know which active ingredients are in the products they are using and follow the recommended dose. Do not exceed the recommended daily dose and do not take the medication for longer than directed.
-- Know Your Medicine, Talk to Your Healthcare Provider -- You should not only know the name of your medication, but the common ingredients as well. A consumer survey commissioned by APhA last year confirmed that only 55% of consumer knew the active ingredients of their prescription medicine. Consumers need to 'know their medicine' - many of the most common prescription and over the counter pain relievers and cold treatments contain similar ingredients, which could result in overmedication. If consumers have questions, they should talk to their pharmacist or doctor.
-- Over the counter pain relievers are safe when used as directed on the label -- When used as directed, over the counter pain relievers are safe. People should not stop taking prescribed pain relievers without first consulting their physician.
-- Talk to your pharmacist about over the counter pain medications. Your pharmacist can help you choose the best product for your condition.
The American Pharmacists Association is dedicated to improving medication use and advancing patient care. Founded in 1852 as the American Pharmaceutical Association, APhA is the first established and largest professional association of pharmacists in the United States. APhA's more than 57,000 members include pharmacists, scientists, student pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and others interested in advancing the profession.
American Pharmacists Association
http://www.aphanet.com/
"It is important for consumers to remember that products containing acetaminophen and some of these other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are safe and effective when used properly," said Past APhA President Dr. Jan Engle. "Pharmacists and other healthcare providers always emphasize to patients that they should know the ingredients in all of their medications, including those they buy over the counter. If a patient is concerned that they might be overmedicating, they should speak with their doctor or pharmacist immediately."
APhA recommends the following for consumers who may be taking a pain reliever regularly:
-- Read the label, Follow the Directions -- Consumers should always know which active ingredients are in the products they are using and follow the recommended dose. Do not exceed the recommended daily dose and do not take the medication for longer than directed.
-- Know Your Medicine, Talk to Your Healthcare Provider -- You should not only know the name of your medication, but the common ingredients as well. A consumer survey commissioned by APhA last year confirmed that only 55% of consumer knew the active ingredients of their prescription medicine. Consumers need to 'know their medicine' - many of the most common prescription and over the counter pain relievers and cold treatments contain similar ingredients, which could result in overmedication. If consumers have questions, they should talk to their pharmacist or doctor.
-- Over the counter pain relievers are safe when used as directed on the label -- When used as directed, over the counter pain relievers are safe. People should not stop taking prescribed pain relievers without first consulting their physician.
-- Talk to your pharmacist about over the counter pain medications. Your pharmacist can help you choose the best product for your condition.
The American Pharmacists Association is dedicated to improving medication use and advancing patient care. Founded in 1852 as the American Pharmaceutical Association, APhA is the first established and largest professional association of pharmacists in the United States. APhA's more than 57,000 members include pharmacists, scientists, student pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and others interested in advancing the profession.
American Pharmacists Association
http://www.aphanet.com/
Chiropractic Resolutions For A Healthy, Pain-Free Year
Start the new year off right by committing to a healthier lifestyle. A few simple and practical lifestyle changes can make a positive impact on your health and can also prevent you from experiencing a painful injury in the year ahead, according to the American Chiropractic Association (ACA).
The ACA and your local doctor of chiropractic urge you to adopt the following New Year's resolutions for a healthier 2007.
1) I will limit my intake of caffeinated coffee, sodas and teas. The caffeine in these drinks can cause dehydration and can rob the body of essential nutrients. Stick to water, natural juices and other decaffeinated beverages.
2) I will avoid over medicating myself and my family. Many over-the- counter and prescription medications have unknown side effects. Discuss alternative remedies with a doctor of chiropractic.
3) I will not carry a heavy purse or briefcase with its strap over my shoulder, unless I place the strap over my head on the side opposite the bag. Wearing a shoulder strap over one shoulder unevenly places the weight of the bag on one side of the body, potentially causing shoulder and back pain.
4) I will not allow my children to carry backpacks that weigh more than 10 percent of their body weight. Beyond that weight, the backpack can cause the wearer to bend forward in an attempt to support the weight on his or her back, instead of the shoulders.
5) I will not lift heavy objects over my head. These types of movements can strain muscles and affect nerves, causing severe neck, shoulder and arm problems.
6) I will not turn my torso while lifting relatively heavy objects. This rotates the spine and can bring on a "back attack."
7) I will avoid the habit of consistently crossing the same knee over the other. Such a habit can also eventually cause misalignment of the spine.
8) I will try to keep moving while I'm at work. If sedentary for the majority of the work day, it is very important to take periodic stretch breaks. Get up from the desk and take a brief walk, and stretch arms and legs as frequently as possible to avoid postural and spinal stress.
9) I will, when using a shovel - in winter or summer - remember to push rather than lift, whenever possible.
10) I will use luggage with wheels whenever possible. Carrying, lifting and moving a heavy suitcase can ruin a vacation.
For more information on chiropractic care, or to find a chiropractor near you, visit ACA's Web site at: http://www.acatoday.org.
American Chiropractic Association
http://www.acatoday.com/
The ACA and your local doctor of chiropractic urge you to adopt the following New Year's resolutions for a healthier 2007.
1) I will limit my intake of caffeinated coffee, sodas and teas. The caffeine in these drinks can cause dehydration and can rob the body of essential nutrients. Stick to water, natural juices and other decaffeinated beverages.
2) I will avoid over medicating myself and my family. Many over-the- counter and prescription medications have unknown side effects. Discuss alternative remedies with a doctor of chiropractic.
3) I will not carry a heavy purse or briefcase with its strap over my shoulder, unless I place the strap over my head on the side opposite the bag. Wearing a shoulder strap over one shoulder unevenly places the weight of the bag on one side of the body, potentially causing shoulder and back pain.
4) I will not allow my children to carry backpacks that weigh more than 10 percent of their body weight. Beyond that weight, the backpack can cause the wearer to bend forward in an attempt to support the weight on his or her back, instead of the shoulders.
5) I will not lift heavy objects over my head. These types of movements can strain muscles and affect nerves, causing severe neck, shoulder and arm problems.
6) I will not turn my torso while lifting relatively heavy objects. This rotates the spine and can bring on a "back attack."
7) I will avoid the habit of consistently crossing the same knee over the other. Such a habit can also eventually cause misalignment of the spine.
8) I will try to keep moving while I'm at work. If sedentary for the majority of the work day, it is very important to take periodic stretch breaks. Get up from the desk and take a brief walk, and stretch arms and legs as frequently as possible to avoid postural and spinal stress.
9) I will, when using a shovel - in winter or summer - remember to push rather than lift, whenever possible.
10) I will use luggage with wheels whenever possible. Carrying, lifting and moving a heavy suitcase can ruin a vacation.
For more information on chiropractic care, or to find a chiropractor near you, visit ACA's Web site at: http://www.acatoday.org.
American Chiropractic Association
http://www.acatoday.com/
'Botox' Can Ease Writer's Cramp
Botox"' the popular anti- wrinkle treatment, can also ease writer's cramp, suggests a small study published ahead of print in the Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry.
Writer's cramp describes the painful involuntary, spasmodic muscle contractions of the fingers, hand, or arm during writing. But it can also occur during other manual tasks.
Some people learn to write with their other hand, but in one in four cases, the condition affects both hands, and the condition is difficult to treat. It affects around three to seven in every 100,000 people.
Relaxation techniques, hypnosis, biofeedback, acupuncture, and 'writing re-education exercises' have all been used, but none of these brings sustained relief. And there is as yet no effective drug treatment.
Forty people with writer's cramp were randomly assigned to a course of injections containing either botulinum toxin (botox) or a dummy substitute in two doses, usually into two muscles, over a period of 12 weeks.
Of the 20 people given botox treatment, 14 (70%) said that their condition had significantly improved, and that they wished to continue treatment. Their improvement was confirmed using validated disability and pain scales.
Only six of the 19 people in the dummy group felt that their condition had improved. One person dropped out of the trial.
One person who received the dummy injection at the first session and botox at the second, also registered an improvement in symptoms.
After a year, half of the trial participants were still receiving botox injections, and were finding them helpful.
Side effects included mild and temporary muscle weakness and pain at the injection site. Symptom relief lasted from three to 18 months, with an average symptom free period of four and a half months.
###
Contact: Emma Dickinson
BMJ Specialty Journals
Writer's cramp describes the painful involuntary, spasmodic muscle contractions of the fingers, hand, or arm during writing. But it can also occur during other manual tasks.
Some people learn to write with their other hand, but in one in four cases, the condition affects both hands, and the condition is difficult to treat. It affects around three to seven in every 100,000 people.
Relaxation techniques, hypnosis, biofeedback, acupuncture, and 'writing re-education exercises' have all been used, but none of these brings sustained relief. And there is as yet no effective drug treatment.
Forty people with writer's cramp were randomly assigned to a course of injections containing either botulinum toxin (botox) or a dummy substitute in two doses, usually into two muscles, over a period of 12 weeks.
Of the 20 people given botox treatment, 14 (70%) said that their condition had significantly improved, and that they wished to continue treatment. Their improvement was confirmed using validated disability and pain scales.
Only six of the 19 people in the dummy group felt that their condition had improved. One person dropped out of the trial.
One person who received the dummy injection at the first session and botox at the second, also registered an improvement in symptoms.
After a year, half of the trial participants were still receiving botox injections, and were finding them helpful.
Side effects included mild and temporary muscle weakness and pain at the injection site. Symptom relief lasted from three to 18 months, with an average symptom free period of four and a half months.
###
Contact: Emma Dickinson
BMJ Specialty Journals
Workers' Compensation Ratings Don't Accurately Predict Disabilities
A study of settlement decisions in workers' compensation claims for low back pain has found almost no relationship between the rating of the disability's severity when the claim was settlement and reported pain and disability 21 months later.
Findings were counterintuitive: Claimants with higher disability ratings, which suggest higher severity and less ability to work, fared better than those with lower ratings.
The study shows that "administrative decisions made at the end of the workers' compensation claim process about the ability of someone to work after back injury has very little predictive validity," said Dr. Norton Hadler, a professor of medicine and microbiology/immunology in the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's School of Medicine.
Hadler is a co-author of the paper, which was published in the December issue of the Journal of Pain, with colleagues from St. Louis University and the University of Florida. It was based on administrative records in Missouri of workers' compensation claims for low back pain.
Workers' compensation is an important part of America's health-care system, accounting for 3 percent of an employer's gross income, Hadler said.
"Clearly, the rating schemes for workers' compensation are inconsistent, and that fact is stirring enormous pots across the country," Hadler said. "If the outcomes from Missouri generalize, then there is a need to reform how disability is determined."
Another paradoxical finding showed that white claimants faired no better than blacks, even though previous reviews found that blacks were much less likely than whites to be diagnosed with a herniated disk or to have back surgery, had less money spent on their care and received lower disability ratings and smaller settlements.
"It's one of the more perverse observations in our study," said Hadler. "African-Americans were much less likely to be operated on, but the care that the whites got, even though it looks like more care, because it's surgery and it's more expensive, didn't do anything for them."
For their study, the researchers interviewed 580 black and 892 white workers' compensation claimants an average of 21 months after claim settlement to assess how well they were functioning and to determine the contribution of impairment, race and socioeconomic status to their disability ratings.
Hadler said that workers' compensation claims for low back pain represent only 20 to 30 percent of all claims filed but consume a majority of the workers' compensation budget.
The article concludes that "the pattern of results suggests that race/ethnicity and other sociodemographic factors influence medical decision making and … the outcomes of medical care." Furthermore, the flaws in the system "are not distributed evenly" but "are visited disproportionately" on minorities and persons of lower socioeconomic status.
Study collaborators were Drs. John T. Chibnall and Raymond C. Tait from Saint Louis University School of Medicine and Dr. Elena M. Andresen of the University of Florida. Tait was the study's principal investigator and lead author of the article. It is the fifth article that the quartet have published over the last two years.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
210 Pittsboro St. Campus Box 6210
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
United States
http://www.unc.edu/
Findings were counterintuitive: Claimants with higher disability ratings, which suggest higher severity and less ability to work, fared better than those with lower ratings.
The study shows that "administrative decisions made at the end of the workers' compensation claim process about the ability of someone to work after back injury has very little predictive validity," said Dr. Norton Hadler, a professor of medicine and microbiology/immunology in the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's School of Medicine.
Hadler is a co-author of the paper, which was published in the December issue of the Journal of Pain, with colleagues from St. Louis University and the University of Florida. It was based on administrative records in Missouri of workers' compensation claims for low back pain.
Workers' compensation is an important part of America's health-care system, accounting for 3 percent of an employer's gross income, Hadler said.
"Clearly, the rating schemes for workers' compensation are inconsistent, and that fact is stirring enormous pots across the country," Hadler said. "If the outcomes from Missouri generalize, then there is a need to reform how disability is determined."
Another paradoxical finding showed that white claimants faired no better than blacks, even though previous reviews found that blacks were much less likely than whites to be diagnosed with a herniated disk or to have back surgery, had less money spent on their care and received lower disability ratings and smaller settlements.
"It's one of the more perverse observations in our study," said Hadler. "African-Americans were much less likely to be operated on, but the care that the whites got, even though it looks like more care, because it's surgery and it's more expensive, didn't do anything for them."
For their study, the researchers interviewed 580 black and 892 white workers' compensation claimants an average of 21 months after claim settlement to assess how well they were functioning and to determine the contribution of impairment, race and socioeconomic status to their disability ratings.
Hadler said that workers' compensation claims for low back pain represent only 20 to 30 percent of all claims filed but consume a majority of the workers' compensation budget.
The article concludes that "the pattern of results suggests that race/ethnicity and other sociodemographic factors influence medical decision making and … the outcomes of medical care." Furthermore, the flaws in the system "are not distributed evenly" but "are visited disproportionately" on minorities and persons of lower socioeconomic status.
Study collaborators were Drs. John T. Chibnall and Raymond C. Tait from Saint Louis University School of Medicine and Dr. Elena M. Andresen of the University of Florida. Tait was the study's principal investigator and lead author of the article. It is the fifth article that the quartet have published over the last two years.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
210 Pittsboro St. Campus Box 6210
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
United States
http://www.unc.edu/
December Nursing News And Research Briefs
High Risk Patients Use Both Conventional Medicine and Alternative Therapies for Asthma; Some Alternatives Pose Risk In depth interviews with a group of low income mostly female African Americans, all of whom had severe asthma, revealed that all participants used some form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in combination with conventional medicine. Writing in this month’s issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School Nursing researcher Maureen George, PhD, RN notes that "While most subjects trusted prescription asthma medicine, there was a preference for integration of CAM with conventional asthma treatment. CAM was considered natural, effective and potentially curative."
Among the reasons CAM was chosen as an addition to or substitute for conventional care were beliefs that treatment was "more natural" than manufactured agents; could reduce the need for conventional pharmacologic treatment such as steroids; provided protection from illness or for relief of systems; and offered some hope of a cure. While participants denied substituting CAM for prescription medication, most (63%) also reported they had not adhered to their conventional therapy in the two weeks prior to the interviews or that they had missed doses, some as many as ten or more.
The researchers also found that many participants did not disclose their CAM use to providers. When CAM therapies were preferred but covertly used, patients could be at increased risk for poor clinical outcomes due to drug-CAM interactions; unnecessary delays in seeking appropriate medical attention; and insufficient adherence to the patient’s medical plan leading to an unnecessary intensification of conventional therapies. George and colleagues also determined that some patients were using herbs and over-the-counter products in ways that could be harmful, including ingesting camphor-based or mentholated topical salves, dissolving cough lozenges as many as ten at a time in herbal tea, and taking Echinacea, an herb that could result in a worsening of asthma due to allergic reactions.
Studies Contribute to Better Understanding Pain, Reducing its Physical, Economic Consequences--Faculty member Fannie Gaston-Johansson, PhD, RN has, in collaboration with researchers at Goteborg University, Sweden, recently published two articles in BMC Nursing focusing on better understanding and managing pain.
In "Pain, psychological distress and health-related quality of life at baseline and three months after radical prostatectomy," Gaston-Johansson, notes that inadequate management of postoperative pain is common and is a risk factor for prolonged pain after surgery. In addition to medical and technical factors, psychological factors may also influence the experience of postoperative pain. The study found that patients who experienced the highest postoperative pain levels also had the longest hospital stay.
A second study examined unexplained chest pain (UCP), an increasing phenomenon often seen in Emergency Departments. In the article "Coping strategies, stress, physical activity and sleep in patients with unexplained chest pain" Dr. Gaston Johansson, examines coping strategies in patients with UCP and examines the relationships between these strategies, negative events, sleep problems, physical activity, stress and pain intensity.
In Other Nursing News:
David A. Thompson, DNSc, RN, and others published an article "Clinical and Economic Outcomes of Post-Operative Hospital Acquired Pneumonia in Patients who Receive Invasive Diagnostic Testing, and Ventilation" in the December issue of the "Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management." The article examines the clinical and economic impact of traditional technologies used in the diagnosis and management of intra-abdominal postoperative surgical patients who develop hospital acquired-pneumonia.
JHUSON doctoral student and clinical instructor Jason Farley MSN, MPH, CRNP, spent Thanksgiving in Namibia, Africa, working with the University of Namibia School of Nursing to complete a needs assessment for the 2007 implementation of a World Health Organization program “Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illnesses.” The program supports a larger role for nursing personnel in developing countries in the care of persons living with HIV/AIDS.
Four JHUSON faculty members and doctoral students presented a variety of posters at the 134th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association (APHA) held in Boston, MA last month:
Rosemarie Brager, PhD, CRNP, presented "вЂ˜Guided Care’ for Multi-Morbid Adults," a model that infuses contemporary primary care with state-of-the-art information technology to help address the health care of multi-morbid older Americans in an often fragmented system lacking in quality and efficiency.
Joan Kub, PhD, APRN and SON students Jessica Williams Roberts, Sarah Joyce, Nina Fredland, and Colleen Thornton delivered posters focused on the increasingly recognized public health issue of bullying in the nation’s schools: "Bullying Victimization and Associated Health Outcomes in Elementary School Students," and "No Room for Bullying, an Intervention at a Local School."
Jodi Shaefer,PhD, RN presented “Fetal and Infant Mortality Review (FIMR): Promoting Culturally and Linguistically Competent Health Messages in Multi-Cultural Communities,” and research conducted by Robin Newhouse, PhD, RN, “Developing a Measure of the Impact of Legislation and Organizational Forces on Rural Hospital Nursing.”
The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing is a global leader in nursing research, education and scholarship and is ranked among the top 10 nursing higher education institutions in the country. The School’s community health program is second in the nation and the nursing research program now holds eighth position among the top nursing schools for securing federal research grants. The School continues to maintain its reputation for excellence and educates nurses who set the highest standards for patient care, exemplify scholarship, and become innovative national and international leaders in the evolution of the nursing profession and the health care system. For more information, visit http://www.son.jhmi.edu/.
Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing
525 North Wolfe St, Rm 525
Baltimore, MD 21205
United States
http://www.son.jhmi.edu/
Among the reasons CAM was chosen as an addition to or substitute for conventional care were beliefs that treatment was "more natural" than manufactured agents; could reduce the need for conventional pharmacologic treatment such as steroids; provided protection from illness or for relief of systems; and offered some hope of a cure. While participants denied substituting CAM for prescription medication, most (63%) also reported they had not adhered to their conventional therapy in the two weeks prior to the interviews or that they had missed doses, some as many as ten or more.
The researchers also found that many participants did not disclose their CAM use to providers. When CAM therapies were preferred but covertly used, patients could be at increased risk for poor clinical outcomes due to drug-CAM interactions; unnecessary delays in seeking appropriate medical attention; and insufficient adherence to the patient’s medical plan leading to an unnecessary intensification of conventional therapies. George and colleagues also determined that some patients were using herbs and over-the-counter products in ways that could be harmful, including ingesting camphor-based or mentholated topical salves, dissolving cough lozenges as many as ten at a time in herbal tea, and taking Echinacea, an herb that could result in a worsening of asthma due to allergic reactions.
Studies Contribute to Better Understanding Pain, Reducing its Physical, Economic Consequences--Faculty member Fannie Gaston-Johansson, PhD, RN has, in collaboration with researchers at Goteborg University, Sweden, recently published two articles in BMC Nursing focusing on better understanding and managing pain.
In "Pain, psychological distress and health-related quality of life at baseline and three months after radical prostatectomy," Gaston-Johansson, notes that inadequate management of postoperative pain is common and is a risk factor for prolonged pain after surgery. In addition to medical and technical factors, psychological factors may also influence the experience of postoperative pain. The study found that patients who experienced the highest postoperative pain levels also had the longest hospital stay.
A second study examined unexplained chest pain (UCP), an increasing phenomenon often seen in Emergency Departments. In the article "Coping strategies, stress, physical activity and sleep in patients with unexplained chest pain" Dr. Gaston Johansson, examines coping strategies in patients with UCP and examines the relationships between these strategies, negative events, sleep problems, physical activity, stress and pain intensity.
In Other Nursing News:
David A. Thompson, DNSc, RN, and others published an article "Clinical and Economic Outcomes of Post-Operative Hospital Acquired Pneumonia in Patients who Receive Invasive Diagnostic Testing, and Ventilation" in the December issue of the "Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management." The article examines the clinical and economic impact of traditional technologies used in the diagnosis and management of intra-abdominal postoperative surgical patients who develop hospital acquired-pneumonia.
JHUSON doctoral student and clinical instructor Jason Farley MSN, MPH, CRNP, spent Thanksgiving in Namibia, Africa, working with the University of Namibia School of Nursing to complete a needs assessment for the 2007 implementation of a World Health Organization program “Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illnesses.” The program supports a larger role for nursing personnel in developing countries in the care of persons living with HIV/AIDS.
Four JHUSON faculty members and doctoral students presented a variety of posters at the 134th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association (APHA) held in Boston, MA last month:
Rosemarie Brager, PhD, CRNP, presented "вЂ˜Guided Care’ for Multi-Morbid Adults," a model that infuses contemporary primary care with state-of-the-art information technology to help address the health care of multi-morbid older Americans in an often fragmented system lacking in quality and efficiency.
Joan Kub, PhD, APRN and SON students Jessica Williams Roberts, Sarah Joyce, Nina Fredland, and Colleen Thornton delivered posters focused on the increasingly recognized public health issue of bullying in the nation’s schools: "Bullying Victimization and Associated Health Outcomes in Elementary School Students," and "No Room for Bullying, an Intervention at a Local School."
Jodi Shaefer,PhD, RN presented “Fetal and Infant Mortality Review (FIMR): Promoting Culturally and Linguistically Competent Health Messages in Multi-Cultural Communities,” and research conducted by Robin Newhouse, PhD, RN, “Developing a Measure of the Impact of Legislation and Organizational Forces on Rural Hospital Nursing.”
The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing is a global leader in nursing research, education and scholarship and is ranked among the top 10 nursing higher education institutions in the country. The School’s community health program is second in the nation and the nursing research program now holds eighth position among the top nursing schools for securing federal research grants. The School continues to maintain its reputation for excellence and educates nurses who set the highest standards for patient care, exemplify scholarship, and become innovative national and international leaders in the evolution of the nursing profession and the health care system. For more information, visit http://www.son.jhmi.edu/.
Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing
525 North Wolfe St, Rm 525
Baltimore, MD 21205
United States
http://www.son.jhmi.edu/
DURECT Corporation Announces Positive Phase I Study Results With New Product In Development
DURECT Corporation (Nasdaq: DRRX) announced today that it has successfully completed Phase I clinical trials with a new product, DUR-843, which is intended to treat a persistent pain condition. We believe that the persistent pain market remains underserved and that DUR-843 has the potential to provide several advantages over existing pain medications.
"We are pleased to add another product candidate to our pipeline and with the rapid progress and positive results thus far," stated James E. Brown, DVM, President and CEO of DURECT. "As a result of our recent collaboration with Nycomed covering POSIDUR, we are in a stronger financial position and therefore have decided to further develop this product on our own as part of our strategy to become a specialty pharmaceutical company. To that objective, for competitive reasons, DURECT is not disclosing at this time the specific drug delivery technology which underlies DUR-843 as well as the active pharmaceutical agent."
The objectives of the Phase I clinical studies recently completed were to determine the safety and tolerability of DUR-843 in healthy human volunteers as well as evaluate the pharmacokinetics of the active pharmaceutical agent following administration of the product candidate. In these trials, DUR-843 appeared safe and well-tolerated.
About DURECT Corporation
DURECT Corporation is an emerging specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the development of pharmaceutical systems based on its proprietary drug delivery platform technologies focused on treating chronic and episodic diseases and conditions. The Company currently has a number of late-stage pharmaceutical products in development initially focused on significant unmet medical needs in pain management, with a number of research programs underway in a variety of other therapeutic areas. For more information, please visit http://www.durect.com.
DUR-843 is a drug candidate under development and has not been submitted or approved for commercialization by the US Food and Drug Administration or other health authorities.
DURECT Forward-Looking Statement
The statements in this press release regarding DURECT's product candidate DUR-843, its attributes and commercial potential are forward-looking statements involving risks and uncertainties that can cause actual results to differ materially from those in such forward-looking statements. Potential risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, DURECT's ability to design, enroll, conduct and complete clinical trials, complete the design, development, and manufacturing process development of the product candidate, obtain product and manufacturing approvals from regulatory agencies and manufacture and commercialize the product candidate, as well as marketplace acceptance of the product candidate. Further information regarding these and other risks is included in DURECT's Form 10-Q dated November 3, 2006 under the heading "Risk Factors."
DURECT Corporation
http://www.durect.com
"We are pleased to add another product candidate to our pipeline and with the rapid progress and positive results thus far," stated James E. Brown, DVM, President and CEO of DURECT. "As a result of our recent collaboration with Nycomed covering POSIDUR, we are in a stronger financial position and therefore have decided to further develop this product on our own as part of our strategy to become a specialty pharmaceutical company. To that objective, for competitive reasons, DURECT is not disclosing at this time the specific drug delivery technology which underlies DUR-843 as well as the active pharmaceutical agent."
The objectives of the Phase I clinical studies recently completed were to determine the safety and tolerability of DUR-843 in healthy human volunteers as well as evaluate the pharmacokinetics of the active pharmaceutical agent following administration of the product candidate. In these trials, DUR-843 appeared safe and well-tolerated.
About DURECT Corporation
DURECT Corporation is an emerging specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the development of pharmaceutical systems based on its proprietary drug delivery platform technologies focused on treating chronic and episodic diseases and conditions. The Company currently has a number of late-stage pharmaceutical products in development initially focused on significant unmet medical needs in pain management, with a number of research programs underway in a variety of other therapeutic areas. For more information, please visit http://www.durect.com.
DUR-843 is a drug candidate under development and has not been submitted or approved for commercialization by the US Food and Drug Administration or other health authorities.
DURECT Forward-Looking Statement
The statements in this press release regarding DURECT's product candidate DUR-843, its attributes and commercial potential are forward-looking statements involving risks and uncertainties that can cause actual results to differ materially from those in such forward-looking statements. Potential risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, DURECT's ability to design, enroll, conduct and complete clinical trials, complete the design, development, and manufacturing process development of the product candidate, obtain product and manufacturing approvals from regulatory agencies and manufacture and commercialize the product candidate, as well as marketplace acceptance of the product candidate. Further information regarding these and other risks is included in DURECT's Form 10-Q dated November 3, 2006 under the heading "Risk Factors."
DURECT Corporation
http://www.durect.com
Pain Therapeutics Initiates Phase III Study With Oxytrex(TM)
Pain Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: PTIE) today announced the initiation of a Phase III study with Oxytrex, an investigational drug. Oxytrex is a unique oral painkiller for patients who suffer from persistent severe chronic pain. The Company believes Oxytrex offers less physical dependence/withdrawal than oxycodone, an 80-year-old prescription painkiller still widely used today to treat persistent severe chronic pain.
"We remain encouraged by the strong science around Oxytrex published in several top journals, including a recent article in Journal of Neurobiology that further elucidates the unique attributes of ultra-low-dose opioid antagonists," said Remi Barbier, president and chief executive officer.
This study is being referred to as the "Extreme Study" in deference to patients who depend on extremely high daily doses of oxycodone (greater than or equal to 120 mg per day) to treat severe chronic pain. The Company believes this sub-population of patients is prone to physical dependence/withdrawal.
In the second half of 2007, Pain Therapeutics plans to initiate a large study with Oxytrex in a broad patient population.
"Extreme Study" Design
This clinical study is randomized, double-blinded, multi-center and placebo-controlled. The study will enroll approximately 120 patients who have each been taking greater than or equal to 120 mg of oxycodone per patient per day for over a year. Patients who meet this and all other eligibility requirements are randomized to receive twice-daily doses of 100 nanograms (i.e., 0.0001 mg) ultra-low-dose naltrexone or matching placebo for two weeks. At the conclusion of the treatment period, patients check into a clinic and receive an injection of a high-dose opioid antagonist to precipitate withdrawal. During the withdrawal phase of the study, patients are closely monitored and measured for signs and symptoms of physical dependence/withdrawal using the Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale. The study's primary endpoint is prospectively defined as physical dependence/withdrawal scores in the treated arm compared to placebo. For ethical and other reasons, the study protocol allows an interim analysis.
About Oxytrex
Pain Therapeutics owns commercial rights to Oxytrex, a unique oral painkiller that preferentially inhibits an excitatory effect of opioid receptors. This excitatory effect is believed to counteract analgesia (pain relief) and cause tolerance. Its inhibition enhances pain relief and minimizes opioid tolerance. The FDA has not yet evaluated the merits, safety or efficacy of Oxytrex.
About Pain Therapeutics, Inc.
Pain Therapeutics is a biopharmaceutical company that develops novel drugs for pain management and oncology. We have three investigational drug candidates in clinical programs. Remoxy(TM) and PTI-202 are proprietary, abuse-resistant forms of opioid drugs. Oxytrex is a novel, next-generation painkiller that potentially offers less physical dependence than currently marketed opioid painkillers. We are also developing a novel radio-labeled monoclonal antibody to treat metastatic melanoma, a rare but deadly form of skin cancer. The FDA has not yet evaluated the merits, safety or efficacy of our drug candidates. For more information, please consult our website: http://www.paintrials.com/.
Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements:
This press release contains forward-looking statements for purposes of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the "Act"). PTI disclaims any intent or obligation to update these forward-looking statements, and claims the protection of the Safe Harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Act. Examples of such statements include, but are not limited to, any statements relating to the timing, scope or expected outcome of the Company's clinical development of its drug candidates, the potential benefits of the Company's drug candidates and the size of the potential market for the Company's products. Such statements are based on management's current expectations, but actual results may differ materially due to various factors. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those risks and uncertainties relating to difficulties or delays in development, testing, regulatory approval, production and marketing of the Company's drug candidates, unexpected adverse side effects or inadequate therapeutic efficacy of the Company's drug candidates that could slow or prevent product approval or market acceptance (including the risk that current and past results of clinical trials are not necessarily indicative of future results of clinical trials), the uncertainty of patent protection for the Company's intellectual property or trade secrets, the Company's ability to obtain additional financing if necessary and unanticipated research and development and other costs. For further information regarding these and other risks related to the Company's business, investors should consult the Company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Pain Therapeutics, Inc.
http://www.paintrials.com/
"We remain encouraged by the strong science around Oxytrex published in several top journals, including a recent article in Journal of Neurobiology that further elucidates the unique attributes of ultra-low-dose opioid antagonists," said Remi Barbier, president and chief executive officer.
This study is being referred to as the "Extreme Study" in deference to patients who depend on extremely high daily doses of oxycodone (greater than or equal to 120 mg per day) to treat severe chronic pain. The Company believes this sub-population of patients is prone to physical dependence/withdrawal.
In the second half of 2007, Pain Therapeutics plans to initiate a large study with Oxytrex in a broad patient population.
"Extreme Study" Design
This clinical study is randomized, double-blinded, multi-center and placebo-controlled. The study will enroll approximately 120 patients who have each been taking greater than or equal to 120 mg of oxycodone per patient per day for over a year. Patients who meet this and all other eligibility requirements are randomized to receive twice-daily doses of 100 nanograms (i.e., 0.0001 mg) ultra-low-dose naltrexone or matching placebo for two weeks. At the conclusion of the treatment period, patients check into a clinic and receive an injection of a high-dose opioid antagonist to precipitate withdrawal. During the withdrawal phase of the study, patients are closely monitored and measured for signs and symptoms of physical dependence/withdrawal using the Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale. The study's primary endpoint is prospectively defined as physical dependence/withdrawal scores in the treated arm compared to placebo. For ethical and other reasons, the study protocol allows an interim analysis.
About Oxytrex
Pain Therapeutics owns commercial rights to Oxytrex, a unique oral painkiller that preferentially inhibits an excitatory effect of opioid receptors. This excitatory effect is believed to counteract analgesia (pain relief) and cause tolerance. Its inhibition enhances pain relief and minimizes opioid tolerance. The FDA has not yet evaluated the merits, safety or efficacy of Oxytrex.
About Pain Therapeutics, Inc.
Pain Therapeutics is a biopharmaceutical company that develops novel drugs for pain management and oncology. We have three investigational drug candidates in clinical programs. Remoxy(TM) and PTI-202 are proprietary, abuse-resistant forms of opioid drugs. Oxytrex is a novel, next-generation painkiller that potentially offers less physical dependence than currently marketed opioid painkillers. We are also developing a novel radio-labeled monoclonal antibody to treat metastatic melanoma, a rare but deadly form of skin cancer. The FDA has not yet evaluated the merits, safety or efficacy of our drug candidates. For more information, please consult our website: http://www.paintrials.com/.
Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements:
This press release contains forward-looking statements for purposes of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the "Act"). PTI disclaims any intent or obligation to update these forward-looking statements, and claims the protection of the Safe Harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Act. Examples of such statements include, but are not limited to, any statements relating to the timing, scope or expected outcome of the Company's clinical development of its drug candidates, the potential benefits of the Company's drug candidates and the size of the potential market for the Company's products. Such statements are based on management's current expectations, but actual results may differ materially due to various factors. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those risks and uncertainties relating to difficulties or delays in development, testing, regulatory approval, production and marketing of the Company's drug candidates, unexpected adverse side effects or inadequate therapeutic efficacy of the Company's drug candidates that could slow or prevent product approval or market acceptance (including the risk that current and past results of clinical trials are not necessarily indicative of future results of clinical trials), the uncertainty of patent protection for the Company's intellectual property or trade secrets, the Company's ability to obtain additional financing if necessary and unanticipated research and development and other costs. For further information regarding these and other risks related to the Company's business, investors should consult the Company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Pain Therapeutics, Inc.
http://www.paintrials.com/
Sea Snail Key To Future Of Pain Relief
Unique research at The University of Queensland could revolutionise the treatment of pain relief - thanks to a humble sea snail.
Dr Jenny Ekberg, a Research Fellow with UQ's School of Biomedical Sciences, has studied a toxin produced by a marine snail found on the Great Barrier Reef, which has the ability to precisely target chronic pain without severe side-effects.
"Chronic pain can be caused by an initial injury that affects the nerves, or conditions such as diabetes and arthritis," Dr Ekberg said.
"The problem with current drugs, such as morphine, is that they sometimes offer only marginal relief and come coupled with lots of problems with tolerance and side-effects.
"Our research show that a natural product, a conotoxin from the marine snail Conus marmoreus, produces pain relief without apparent side-effects in animal models of chronic pain."
The study, done with colleagues Professor David Adams in the School of Biomedical Sciences, Dr Richard Lewis at UQ's Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Professor Mac Christie at the University of Sydney, was recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Dr Ekberg said with approximately one in five Australians will suffer from chronic pain at some point in their life the potential benefit of this research could be enormous.
She said sufferers of chronic pain can have the added problem of being diagnosed with no reason for the pain.
"The patient experiences severe pain because their nerve cells that are responsible for pain transmission are overactive," she said.
"This is primarily due to abnormal activity of voltage-gated sodium channels in the nerve cells.
"Conventional drugs, such as local anaesthetics, block all types of sodium channels, causing severe side-effects.
"Our toxin only blocks a specific channel - the first time a toxin like this has been shown to work - therefore providing pain relief without severe side-effects."
Dr Ekberg said it would be a number of years before such a treatment would be commercially available.
Originally from Sweden, Dr Ekberg came to UQ to complete her Honours in Biomedical Sciences and stayed to complete a PhD, from which this research stemmed, under the supervision of Professor David Adams and Associate Professor Phil Poronnik.
Dr Ekberg said she has since remained at UQ because of a combination of high-class research and a wonderful environment.
For further information please go to:
The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
Source:
UQ News Online
Dr Jenny Ekberg, a Research Fellow with UQ's School of Biomedical Sciences, has studied a toxin produced by a marine snail found on the Great Barrier Reef, which has the ability to precisely target chronic pain without severe side-effects.
"Chronic pain can be caused by an initial injury that affects the nerves, or conditions such as diabetes and arthritis," Dr Ekberg said.
"The problem with current drugs, such as morphine, is that they sometimes offer only marginal relief and come coupled with lots of problems with tolerance and side-effects.
"Our research show that a natural product, a conotoxin from the marine snail Conus marmoreus, produces pain relief without apparent side-effects in animal models of chronic pain."
The study, done with colleagues Professor David Adams in the School of Biomedical Sciences, Dr Richard Lewis at UQ's Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Professor Mac Christie at the University of Sydney, was recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Dr Ekberg said with approximately one in five Australians will suffer from chronic pain at some point in their life the potential benefit of this research could be enormous.
She said sufferers of chronic pain can have the added problem of being diagnosed with no reason for the pain.
"The patient experiences severe pain because their nerve cells that are responsible for pain transmission are overactive," she said.
"This is primarily due to abnormal activity of voltage-gated sodium channels in the nerve cells.
"Conventional drugs, such as local anaesthetics, block all types of sodium channels, causing severe side-effects.
"Our toxin only blocks a specific channel - the first time a toxin like this has been shown to work - therefore providing pain relief without severe side-effects."
Dr Ekberg said it would be a number of years before such a treatment would be commercially available.
Originally from Sweden, Dr Ekberg came to UQ to complete her Honours in Biomedical Sciences and stayed to complete a PhD, from which this research stemmed, under the supervision of Professor David Adams and Associate Professor Phil Poronnik.
Dr Ekberg said she has since remained at UQ because of a combination of high-class research and a wonderful environment.
For further information please go to:
The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
Source:
UQ News Online
Gene Mutation Which Prevents Carriers From Feeling Pain Discovered By Cambridge Led Team
Researchers have discovered a gene mutation which prevents the otherwise healthy carriers from sensing pain, after studying three related families with a rare genetic disorder in northern Pakistan.
The research, published in the journal Nature, provides insight into the mechanics of pain and could lead to the development of more effective pain treatments.
The carriers of the very rare genetic mutation are unable to perceive any form of pain but have otherwise completely normal sensory functions. The initial case study was a ten-year-old street performer in Pakistan with the genetic mutation. His inability to feel pain enabled him to place knives through his arms and walk on burning coals. (The young boy died before his fourteenth birthday from injures sustained after jumping off a roof.)
The scientists subsequently studied six individuals with the genetic mutation from three related families, all originating from northern Pakistan. The six relatives had not experienced pain at any time in their lives. Detailed neurological examinations revealed that there was no evidence of motor or sensory disease, and that they could perceive a number of sensations (including touch, warm and cold temperature, tickle and pressure).
As pain is a survival mechanism which enables organisms to minimise damage to tissues, they had all sustained a variety of injuries, including injuries to their lips and/or tongue from biting themselves when young.
By studying these individuals, the scientists were able to determine that a mutation in the gene SCN9A causes a loss of function in the voltage-gated sodium channel it encodes (subunit Nav1.7). Sodium channels are proteins which excite neurons, and though the precise function of Nav1.7 is unclear, as part of a sodium channel it would play a role in exciting sensory neurons.
Dr Geoffrey Woods, from the Department of Medical Genetics and the University of Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), said, “This paper shows that rare diseases can still be of great importance, because of the insights they give into biological and developmental processes".
Dr John Wood, from University College London, said, “The work of Geoff Woods and his team has provided us with an exciting new target for pain killing drugs - potentially this is as important as the identification of the morphine receptors. It is fascinating that this same gene, when mutated to encode a hyperactive channel, has also been found to contribute to ongoing pain in some heritable human disorders”.
As individuals with mutations in the gene SCN9A are otherwise healthy, the scientists are hopeful that the development of drugs that prevent Nav1.7 from functioning could be used as new and potentially safer pain medications.
###
The collaborative study, spearheaded by academics at the University of Cambridge, included researchers from a number of Pakistani and UK institutions (including University College London) and was funded in part by the Wellcome Trust.
Contact: Genevieve Maul
University of Cambridge
The research, published in the journal Nature, provides insight into the mechanics of pain and could lead to the development of more effective pain treatments.
The carriers of the very rare genetic mutation are unable to perceive any form of pain but have otherwise completely normal sensory functions. The initial case study was a ten-year-old street performer in Pakistan with the genetic mutation. His inability to feel pain enabled him to place knives through his arms and walk on burning coals. (The young boy died before his fourteenth birthday from injures sustained after jumping off a roof.)
The scientists subsequently studied six individuals with the genetic mutation from three related families, all originating from northern Pakistan. The six relatives had not experienced pain at any time in their lives. Detailed neurological examinations revealed that there was no evidence of motor or sensory disease, and that they could perceive a number of sensations (including touch, warm and cold temperature, tickle and pressure).
As pain is a survival mechanism which enables organisms to minimise damage to tissues, they had all sustained a variety of injuries, including injuries to their lips and/or tongue from biting themselves when young.
By studying these individuals, the scientists were able to determine that a mutation in the gene SCN9A causes a loss of function in the voltage-gated sodium channel it encodes (subunit Nav1.7). Sodium channels are proteins which excite neurons, and though the precise function of Nav1.7 is unclear, as part of a sodium channel it would play a role in exciting sensory neurons.
Dr Geoffrey Woods, from the Department of Medical Genetics and the University of Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), said, “This paper shows that rare diseases can still be of great importance, because of the insights they give into biological and developmental processes".
Dr John Wood, from University College London, said, “The work of Geoff Woods and his team has provided us with an exciting new target for pain killing drugs - potentially this is as important as the identification of the morphine receptors. It is fascinating that this same gene, when mutated to encode a hyperactive channel, has also been found to contribute to ongoing pain in some heritable human disorders”.
As individuals with mutations in the gene SCN9A are otherwise healthy, the scientists are hopeful that the development of drugs that prevent Nav1.7 from functioning could be used as new and potentially safer pain medications.
###
The collaborative study, spearheaded by academics at the University of Cambridge, included researchers from a number of Pakistani and UK institutions (including University College London) and was funded in part by the Wellcome Trust.
Contact: Genevieve Maul
University of Cambridge
Genetic Mechanism Helps Explain Chronic Pain Disorders
Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have discovered that commonly occurring variations of a gene trigger a domino effect in chronic pain disorders. The finding might lead to more effective treatments for temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD) and other chronic pain conditions.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that metabolizes neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine and that has been implicated in the modulation of persistent pain, as well as cognition and mood, is regulated by a gene, also called COMT. Previous UNC-led research showed that common genetic variants of this gene are associated with increased pain sensitivity and the likelihood of developing TMJD.
Now, the researchers have discovered that specific variants of the COMT gene can dramatically affect the secondary structure of corresponding messenger RNA - which, in turn, leads to alterations in the amount of enzyme crucial for regulating pain processing. The discovery is published in the Dec. 22 issue of Science.
"TMJD is a complex pain condition that is frequently associated with other pain conditions such as fibromyalgia syndrome, chronic headaches and irritable bowel syndrome," said Dr. William Maixner, director of the Center for Neurosensory Disorders in UNC's School of Dentistry and a study co-author.
"This study has identified a new genetic mechanism that influences an individual's susceptibility to develop chronic pain conditions such as TMJD," Maixner said.
The study was conducted to understand the mechanism by which the identified genetic variants influence enzymatic activity and, ultimately, biological functions such as pain transmission. The researchers found that three major variants of COMT show significant differences in how they code for the secondary structure of messenger RNA, or mRNA. The differences lead to dramatic alterations in protein expression, which substantially influences pain sensitivity in humans.
These findings are clinically important because pain conditions resulting from low COMT activity or elevated catecholamine levels are likely to be susceptible to treatment with pharmacological agents that block beta 2- and beta 3-adrenergic receptors, which mediate COMT-dependent pain signaling, or that control mRNA secondary structure.
"Elucidating the genetic mechanisms that mediate pain perception will provide new insights into how chronic pain develops and will ultimately contribute to the identification of unique markers for diagnosing clinical pain conditions, as well as provide novel targets for the development of effective individualized therapeutics for TMJD and related conditions," said Dr. Andrea Nackley Neely, a research assistant professor in the Center for Neurosensory Disorders and the study's lead author.
"These data have broad medical and evolutionary implications regarding the analysis of variants common in the human population," Nackley Neely said. "It is believed that variants leading to altered protein structure have the strongest impact on gene function. However, this study demonstrates that combinations of common genetic variants that influence mRNA secondary structure may have even stronger effects and, thus, represent another key factor responsible for disease onset and progression."
"This study provides additional evidence of a genetic, molecular and physiological basis for pain perception and human pain conditions and should help to remove the stigma associated with conditions such as TMJD and fibromyalgia," said Dr. Luda Diatchenko, an associate professor in the center and the study's chief investigator.
Other researchers were Dr. Inna Tchivileva, a postdoctoral research associate within the Center for Neurosensory Disorders; Kathryn Satterfield, a former research assistant within the center; Dr. Olex Korchynskyi, a former postdoctoral research associate within the UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine's Thurston Arthritis Research Center; Dr. Sergei S. Makarov, a former associate professor at the Center for Neurosensory Disorders and the Thurston center and now president and chief executive officer of Attagene Inc.; and Dr. Svetlana A. Shabalina, a staff scientist with the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Funding was provided by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, all components of the National Institutes of Health. Additional support came from the Intramural Research Program of the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Other Center for Neurosensory Disorders research initiatives are currently under way that further explore the genetic basis of pain: One seven-study, a $19-million National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research-funded agreement involving multiple institutions and based at the center, will follow 3,200 health individuals and 200 who have facial pain. Titled OPPERA (Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment), the study is designed to identify both environmental and genetic factors that increase an individual's susceptibility to TMJD and other chronic pain conditions.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
210 Pittsboro St. Campus Box 6210
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
United States
http://www.unc.edu/
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that metabolizes neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine and that has been implicated in the modulation of persistent pain, as well as cognition and mood, is regulated by a gene, also called COMT. Previous UNC-led research showed that common genetic variants of this gene are associated with increased pain sensitivity and the likelihood of developing TMJD.
Now, the researchers have discovered that specific variants of the COMT gene can dramatically affect the secondary structure of corresponding messenger RNA - which, in turn, leads to alterations in the amount of enzyme crucial for regulating pain processing. The discovery is published in the Dec. 22 issue of Science.
"TMJD is a complex pain condition that is frequently associated with other pain conditions such as fibromyalgia syndrome, chronic headaches and irritable bowel syndrome," said Dr. William Maixner, director of the Center for Neurosensory Disorders in UNC's School of Dentistry and a study co-author.
"This study has identified a new genetic mechanism that influences an individual's susceptibility to develop chronic pain conditions such as TMJD," Maixner said.
The study was conducted to understand the mechanism by which the identified genetic variants influence enzymatic activity and, ultimately, biological functions such as pain transmission. The researchers found that three major variants of COMT show significant differences in how they code for the secondary structure of messenger RNA, or mRNA. The differences lead to dramatic alterations in protein expression, which substantially influences pain sensitivity in humans.
These findings are clinically important because pain conditions resulting from low COMT activity or elevated catecholamine levels are likely to be susceptible to treatment with pharmacological agents that block beta 2- and beta 3-adrenergic receptors, which mediate COMT-dependent pain signaling, or that control mRNA secondary structure.
"Elucidating the genetic mechanisms that mediate pain perception will provide new insights into how chronic pain develops and will ultimately contribute to the identification of unique markers for diagnosing clinical pain conditions, as well as provide novel targets for the development of effective individualized therapeutics for TMJD and related conditions," said Dr. Andrea Nackley Neely, a research assistant professor in the Center for Neurosensory Disorders and the study's lead author.
"These data have broad medical and evolutionary implications regarding the analysis of variants common in the human population," Nackley Neely said. "It is believed that variants leading to altered protein structure have the strongest impact on gene function. However, this study demonstrates that combinations of common genetic variants that influence mRNA secondary structure may have even stronger effects and, thus, represent another key factor responsible for disease onset and progression."
"This study provides additional evidence of a genetic, molecular and physiological basis for pain perception and human pain conditions and should help to remove the stigma associated with conditions such as TMJD and fibromyalgia," said Dr. Luda Diatchenko, an associate professor in the center and the study's chief investigator.
Other researchers were Dr. Inna Tchivileva, a postdoctoral research associate within the Center for Neurosensory Disorders; Kathryn Satterfield, a former research assistant within the center; Dr. Olex Korchynskyi, a former postdoctoral research associate within the UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine's Thurston Arthritis Research Center; Dr. Sergei S. Makarov, a former associate professor at the Center for Neurosensory Disorders and the Thurston center and now president and chief executive officer of Attagene Inc.; and Dr. Svetlana A. Shabalina, a staff scientist with the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Funding was provided by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, all components of the National Institutes of Health. Additional support came from the Intramural Research Program of the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Other Center for Neurosensory Disorders research initiatives are currently under way that further explore the genetic basis of pain: One seven-study, a $19-million National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research-funded agreement involving multiple institutions and based at the center, will follow 3,200 health individuals and 200 who have facial pain. Titled OPPERA (Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment), the study is designed to identify both environmental and genetic factors that increase an individual's susceptibility to TMJD and other chronic pain conditions.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
210 Pittsboro St. Campus Box 6210
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
United States
http://www.unc.edu/
Psychological Treatments Improve Outcomes For Back Pain Sufferers
Psychological interventions for chronic low back pain are effective, a new review of studies has found. Not only do these approaches improve psychological outcomes such as depression and health-related quality of life, they also reduce patients’ experience of pain.
“Because this analysis was both more inclusive and more conservative than previous reviews, we have the best evidence to date that these interventions are helpful,” said psychologist and review lead author Robert Kerns, Ph.D., of the VA Connecticut Healthcare System.
The review, part of a new article series, appears in the January issue of the journal Health Psychology. Each evidence-based review centers on a specific psychological assessment or treatment conducted in the context of a physical disease process or risk reduction effort.
To evaluate the effects of psychological interventions on pain-related outcomes, Kerns and his team gathered data from 22 randomized trials published between 1982 and 2003. Trials were limited to adults with nonmalignant low back pain that had persisted for at least three months. However, most patients had been living with pain for much longer. The average duration was seven and a half years.
The studies were not limited to any one psychological approach. Included in the review were behavioral and cognitive-behavioral techniques; self-regulatory techniques such as hypnosis, biofeedback, and relaxation; and supportive counseling.
The review reports on 12 pain-related outcomes, including pain intensity, pain interference, depression, health care use, disability and health-related quality of life.
In the broadest analysis, psychological interventions alone or as part of a multidisciplinary approach proved to be superior to waiting lists or standard treatments on the entire range of pain-related outcomes.
When the researchers analyzed specific outcomes, they found that the largest and most consistent effect was a reduction in pain intensity.
This was somewhat surprising, Kerns said, because when psychologists first began developing interventions for chronic pain several decades ago, the goal was not to reduce pain but to help patients live with their pain more successfully.
“However, a growing body of knowledge suggests that these interventions are actually having a primary effect on people’s experience of pain,” he said.
The review found that psychological interventions also yielded improvements in health-related quality of life, work-related disability, interference of pain with daily living and depression.
Not all treatments were equally effective. Cognitive-behavioral and self-regulatory treatments seemed to yield the greatest effects, particularly when compared to waiting list control groups. Multidisciplinary approaches that included a psychological component also stood out on some measures, reducing pain interference and work-related disability when compared to other active treatments.
According to Dennis Turk, Ph.D., a professor of anesthesiology and pain research at the University of Washington in Seattle, patients with chronic pain sometimes fail to recognize the value of psychological treatments because they’ve been set up to expect a cure.
“Even the latest and greatest treatments don’t cure people with chronic pain,” he said. “Psychological interventions are not cures, but they do reduce pain and improve function and they are important components in the treatment of people with chronic pain.”
Turk added that psychological interventions are also cost-effective when compared to other treatments for chronic low back pain a key finding, considering that estimates for treatment-related costs range from $20 billion to $80 billion a year in the United States.
“Surgery, opioids, nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulators, implantable drug delivery systems every one of those particular alternatives is much more expensive and has poorer or at best equal outcomes compared to rehabilitation programs that include psychological components,” said Turk. “The paradox is that, despite data on the effectiveness of psychological interventions, insurers are less willing to pay for them.”
Getting the word out that these treatments are effective and cost-effective is a challenge that psychologists will have to tackle head-on, Kerns said.
“We need to specifically target health care system administrators and third-party payers to try to engage them in a more productive dialogue about the importance of these interventions,” he said. “We continue to have a huge, very costly problem in our society, but we have an intervention that is effective, and we need to do a better job of creating access to these services.”
“Evidence-based Treatment Reviews” is a new series initiated within Health Psychology, an official journal of the American Psychological Association. This series of articles is intended to inform health psychology practice, add to teaching and mentoring resources, and inspire further evidence-based research and questions.
Hoffman BM, et al. Meta-analysis of psychological interventions for chronic low back pain. Health Psychology 26 (1), 2007.
Health Behavior News Service
Center for the Advancement of Health 2000 Florida Ave. NW, Ste 210
Washington, DC 20009
United States
http://www.hbns.org
“Because this analysis was both more inclusive and more conservative than previous reviews, we have the best evidence to date that these interventions are helpful,” said psychologist and review lead author Robert Kerns, Ph.D., of the VA Connecticut Healthcare System.
The review, part of a new article series, appears in the January issue of the journal Health Psychology. Each evidence-based review centers on a specific psychological assessment or treatment conducted in the context of a physical disease process or risk reduction effort.
To evaluate the effects of psychological interventions on pain-related outcomes, Kerns and his team gathered data from 22 randomized trials published between 1982 and 2003. Trials were limited to adults with nonmalignant low back pain that had persisted for at least three months. However, most patients had been living with pain for much longer. The average duration was seven and a half years.
The studies were not limited to any one psychological approach. Included in the review were behavioral and cognitive-behavioral techniques; self-regulatory techniques such as hypnosis, biofeedback, and relaxation; and supportive counseling.
The review reports on 12 pain-related outcomes, including pain intensity, pain interference, depression, health care use, disability and health-related quality of life.
In the broadest analysis, psychological interventions alone or as part of a multidisciplinary approach proved to be superior to waiting lists or standard treatments on the entire range of pain-related outcomes.
When the researchers analyzed specific outcomes, they found that the largest and most consistent effect was a reduction in pain intensity.
This was somewhat surprising, Kerns said, because when psychologists first began developing interventions for chronic pain several decades ago, the goal was not to reduce pain but to help patients live with their pain more successfully.
“However, a growing body of knowledge suggests that these interventions are actually having a primary effect on people’s experience of pain,” he said.
The review found that psychological interventions also yielded improvements in health-related quality of life, work-related disability, interference of pain with daily living and depression.
Not all treatments were equally effective. Cognitive-behavioral and self-regulatory treatments seemed to yield the greatest effects, particularly when compared to waiting list control groups. Multidisciplinary approaches that included a psychological component also stood out on some measures, reducing pain interference and work-related disability when compared to other active treatments.
According to Dennis Turk, Ph.D., a professor of anesthesiology and pain research at the University of Washington in Seattle, patients with chronic pain sometimes fail to recognize the value of psychological treatments because they’ve been set up to expect a cure.
“Even the latest and greatest treatments don’t cure people with chronic pain,” he said. “Psychological interventions are not cures, but they do reduce pain and improve function and they are important components in the treatment of people with chronic pain.”
Turk added that psychological interventions are also cost-effective when compared to other treatments for chronic low back pain a key finding, considering that estimates for treatment-related costs range from $20 billion to $80 billion a year in the United States.
“Surgery, opioids, nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulators, implantable drug delivery systems every one of those particular alternatives is much more expensive and has poorer or at best equal outcomes compared to rehabilitation programs that include psychological components,” said Turk. “The paradox is that, despite data on the effectiveness of psychological interventions, insurers are less willing to pay for them.”
Getting the word out that these treatments are effective and cost-effective is a challenge that psychologists will have to tackle head-on, Kerns said.
“We need to specifically target health care system administrators and third-party payers to try to engage them in a more productive dialogue about the importance of these interventions,” he said. “We continue to have a huge, very costly problem in our society, but we have an intervention that is effective, and we need to do a better job of creating access to these services.”
“Evidence-based Treatment Reviews” is a new series initiated within Health Psychology, an official journal of the American Psychological Association. This series of articles is intended to inform health psychology practice, add to teaching and mentoring resources, and inspire further evidence-based research and questions.
Hoffman BM, et al. Meta-analysis of psychological interventions for chronic low back pain. Health Psychology 26 (1), 2007.
Health Behavior News Service
Center for the Advancement of Health 2000 Florida Ave. NW, Ste 210
Washington, DC 20009
United States
http://www.hbns.org
Premature Babies Probably Feel And Are Aware Of Pain
Although it is wellknown that premature babies react to pain, it has not been known to what extent they are aware of pain and uncomfortable procedures. Therefore premature infants have not always received sufficient analgesia. Now, however, the grounds for this have been seriously undermined by a new doctoral thesis from Karolinska Institutet (KI) in Sweden. New measurement techniques show that even premature babies display all the signs of a conscious experience of pain.
For many years, doctors have assumed that foetuses, premature babies and fully developed new-born babies do not have the cerebral cortical functions required to feel pain. Babies’ reactions to potentially painful stimuli have been explained away as unconscious reflexes, and so doctors have felt it justified to withhold painkillers during surgery and the like so as to avoid adverse reactions.
The doctoral thesis by Italian-Swedish researcher Marco Bartocci now shows that the brains of premature babies are far more developed than previously thought. His studies using infrared spectroscopy, carried out at the Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, show that pain signals from a pin prick are processed in the cerebral cortex of premature babies in the same way as in adults. This means that all known pre-conditions for the conscience experience of pain are present, even though this still does not provide any conclusive evidence that they actually undergo a subjective painful experience.
The results of the processing of painful stimuli have been published in the scientific journal Pain and have been cited in a news article in Nature. They are expected to have a major impact on pain-relief management for new-born babies as well as on approaches to child development in general. Public defence of doctoral thesis will be held on December 8. Professor Michael Wweindling from the University of Liverpool, UK is the external examiner.
Thesis: Brain functional near infrared spectroscopy in human infants: cerebral cortical haemodynamics coupled to neuronal activation in response to sensory stimulation , Department of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet.
Karolinska Institutet is one of the leading medical universities in Europe. Through research, education and information, Karolinska Institutet contributes to improving human health. Each year, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7357-034-6
For many years, doctors have assumed that foetuses, premature babies and fully developed new-born babies do not have the cerebral cortical functions required to feel pain. Babies’ reactions to potentially painful stimuli have been explained away as unconscious reflexes, and so doctors have felt it justified to withhold painkillers during surgery and the like so as to avoid adverse reactions.
The doctoral thesis by Italian-Swedish researcher Marco Bartocci now shows that the brains of premature babies are far more developed than previously thought. His studies using infrared spectroscopy, carried out at the Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, show that pain signals from a pin prick are processed in the cerebral cortex of premature babies in the same way as in adults. This means that all known pre-conditions for the conscience experience of pain are present, even though this still does not provide any conclusive evidence that they actually undergo a subjective painful experience.
The results of the processing of painful stimuli have been published in the scientific journal Pain and have been cited in a news article in Nature. They are expected to have a major impact on pain-relief management for new-born babies as well as on approaches to child development in general. Public defence of doctoral thesis will be held on December 8. Professor Michael Wweindling from the University of Liverpool, UK is the external examiner.
Thesis: Brain functional near infrared spectroscopy in human infants: cerebral cortical haemodynamics coupled to neuronal activation in response to sensory stimulation , Department of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet.
Karolinska Institutet is one of the leading medical universities in Europe. Through research, education and information, Karolinska Institutet contributes to improving human health. Each year, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7357-034-6
A Protein Essential For Touch Sensation - First Evidence For A Touch Receptor Gene In Mammals
The skin is the largest sensory organ in humans. The sensory innervation of the skin allows us to perceive touch and pain. Now, Christiane Wetzel, a researcher in the laboratory of Professor Gary Lewin at the Max DelbrГјck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Germany, and her colleagues have deciphered the function of a molecule necessary for the conversion of mechanical stimuli into neural impulses. They have demonstrated that this molecule, a protein called SLP3, is essential for the detection and discrimination of fine tactile stimuli. This study provides the first evidence for a touch receptor gene in mammals and shows that molecules may in the future prove to be important therapeutic targets for the control of chronic pain. The findings of Christiane Wetzel and Professor Lewin were published in Nature online (DOI: 10.1038/nature05394).
Christiane Wetzel could show that mice lacking SLP3 are unable to distinguish normally between finely structured surfaces. This serious sensory deficit could be traced to the fact that around one third of the mechanoreceptors in the skin of SLP3 mutant mice fail to respond to any mechanical stimulation.
Although the sensation of touch is not usually associated with pain this situation is dramatically altered after injury to nerve. Thus many people with such injuries suffer from chronic pain in which even light brush stimuli can provoke intense pain.
This type of pain, called neuropathic pain, can be modelled in animals and mice lacking SLP3 show virtually no touch-evoked pain when confronted with such a lesion. This data further indicates that by targeting molecules involved in the detection of touch one could achieve a novel way to control neuropathic pain a clinical condition for which few effective treatment options are available.
Touch and pain are detected by sensory neurons which are located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and their “working end” is in the skin attached to the cell body by a long process called the axon. Mechanical stimuli of the skin (brush or pressure) activates the “working end” of the sensory receptor and initiates an electrical signal that is relayed to the spinal cord and brain.
The sensory receptor must then convert a mechanical signal into an electrical signal and this process is called sensory mechanotransduction. It is this process of sensory mechanotransduction, that is very poorly understood in mammals. It is thought that mechanical stimuli are converted into electrical events by specialized ion channels, these channels can be opened when the membrane is physically indented, leading to an increased flow of charged ions into the cell to produce an electrical signal.
In this study the activity of such ion channels was measured in response to extremely small indentation stimuli (nanometer range). It was found that in many sensory neurons SLP3 was required for the function of such mechanosensitive channels.
This study is the very first to show any protein that is directly involved in the detection of touch in mammals. Many genes have been shown to be necessary for mechanosensation in simpler organisms like worms and flies. The SLP3 protein is also very closely related to such a necessary mechanotransduction protein in worms called MEC-2. This study therefore provides the first evidence for a touch receptor gene in mammals and shows that molecules may in the future prove to be important therapeutic targets for the control of chronic pain.
###
*A stomatin-domain protein essential for touch sensation in the mouse
Christiane Wetzel1, Jing Hu1,5, Dieter Riethmacher2,5, Anne Benckendorff1,5, Lena Harder1, Andreas Eilers1, Rabih Moshourab1, Alexey Kozlenkov1, Dominika Labuz3,Ombretta Caspani3, Bettina Erdmann4, Halina Machelska3, Paul A. Heppenstall1,3, and Gary R. Lewin1
1 Growth Factors and Regeneration Group, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, Berlin-Buch D-13125 Germany.
2 Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
3 Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin,Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12200 Berlin, Germany.
4 Electronmicroscopy, Max-DelbrückCenter for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, Berlin-Buch D-13125 Germany.
5 These authors made an equal contribution.
Contact:
Barbara Bachtler
Max DelbrГјck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch
Robert-Rössle-Straße 10; 13125 Berlin; Germany
details here
For further information please go to:
Max DelbrГјck Center for Molecular Medicine
Christiane Wetzel could show that mice lacking SLP3 are unable to distinguish normally between finely structured surfaces. This serious sensory deficit could be traced to the fact that around one third of the mechanoreceptors in the skin of SLP3 mutant mice fail to respond to any mechanical stimulation.
Although the sensation of touch is not usually associated with pain this situation is dramatically altered after injury to nerve. Thus many people with such injuries suffer from chronic pain in which even light brush stimuli can provoke intense pain.
This type of pain, called neuropathic pain, can be modelled in animals and mice lacking SLP3 show virtually no touch-evoked pain when confronted with such a lesion. This data further indicates that by targeting molecules involved in the detection of touch one could achieve a novel way to control neuropathic pain a clinical condition for which few effective treatment options are available.
Touch and pain are detected by sensory neurons which are located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and their “working end” is in the skin attached to the cell body by a long process called the axon. Mechanical stimuli of the skin (brush or pressure) activates the “working end” of the sensory receptor and initiates an electrical signal that is relayed to the spinal cord and brain.
The sensory receptor must then convert a mechanical signal into an electrical signal and this process is called sensory mechanotransduction. It is this process of sensory mechanotransduction, that is very poorly understood in mammals. It is thought that mechanical stimuli are converted into electrical events by specialized ion channels, these channels can be opened when the membrane is physically indented, leading to an increased flow of charged ions into the cell to produce an electrical signal.
In this study the activity of such ion channels was measured in response to extremely small indentation stimuli (nanometer range). It was found that in many sensory neurons SLP3 was required for the function of such mechanosensitive channels.
This study is the very first to show any protein that is directly involved in the detection of touch in mammals. Many genes have been shown to be necessary for mechanosensation in simpler organisms like worms and flies. The SLP3 protein is also very closely related to such a necessary mechanotransduction protein in worms called MEC-2. This study therefore provides the first evidence for a touch receptor gene in mammals and shows that molecules may in the future prove to be important therapeutic targets for the control of chronic pain.
###
*A stomatin-domain protein essential for touch sensation in the mouse
Christiane Wetzel1, Jing Hu1,5, Dieter Riethmacher2,5, Anne Benckendorff1,5, Lena Harder1, Andreas Eilers1, Rabih Moshourab1, Alexey Kozlenkov1, Dominika Labuz3,Ombretta Caspani3, Bettina Erdmann4, Halina Machelska3, Paul A. Heppenstall1,3, and Gary R. Lewin1
1 Growth Factors and Regeneration Group, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, Berlin-Buch D-13125 Germany.
2 Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
3 Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin,Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12200 Berlin, Germany.
4 Electronmicroscopy, Max-DelbrückCenter for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, Berlin-Buch D-13125 Germany.
5 These authors made an equal contribution.
Contact:
Barbara Bachtler
Max DelbrГјck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch
Robert-Rössle-Straße 10; 13125 Berlin; Germany
details here
For further information please go to:
Max DelbrГјck Center for Molecular Medicine
Mutations Can't Go All The Way In Paget Disease
Paget disease is a bone disease that results in enlarged bones and causes bone pain, arthritis, deformities, and fractures. It mostly affects individuals over the age of 40 and has a hereditary component. One gene that is mutated in approximately one third of patients with hereditary Padget disease is p62 (sequestosome 1). However, it has not been clear whether mutations (such as the common p62P392L mutation) in this gene actually cause Paget disease.
In a study appearing online in advance of publication in the January print issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, Noriyoshi Kurihara and colleagues from the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System show that expression of the p62P392L mutation causes abnormal development of human bone cells in vitro and mouse bone cells in vivo but does not cause a Padget-like disease in mice. Specifically, expression of p62P392L in the precursors of human bone cells known as osteoclasts (the cells that destroy bone) caused them to be more responsive to factors that drive osteoclast development. Similarly, expression of p62P392L in osteoclast-lineage cells in mice resulted in increased numbers of osteoclasts. Although increased numbers of osteoclasts is a feature of Paget disease, it is not the full range of characteristics. This study therefore suggests that although mutations in p62 predispose an individual to developing Paget disease, other factors are required for the full development of Paget disease.
TITLE: Mutation of the sequestosome 1 (p62) gene increases osteoclastogenesis but does not induce Paget disease
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JCI table of contents: Dec. 21, 2006
AUTHOR CONTACT:
Noriyoshi Kurihara
VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Contact: Karen Honey
Journal of Clinical Investigation
In a study appearing online in advance of publication in the January print issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, Noriyoshi Kurihara and colleagues from the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System show that expression of the p62P392L mutation causes abnormal development of human bone cells in vitro and mouse bone cells in vivo but does not cause a Padget-like disease in mice. Specifically, expression of p62P392L in the precursors of human bone cells known as osteoclasts (the cells that destroy bone) caused them to be more responsive to factors that drive osteoclast development. Similarly, expression of p62P392L in osteoclast-lineage cells in mice resulted in increased numbers of osteoclasts. Although increased numbers of osteoclasts is a feature of Paget disease, it is not the full range of characteristics. This study therefore suggests that although mutations in p62 predispose an individual to developing Paget disease, other factors are required for the full development of Paget disease.
TITLE: Mutation of the sequestosome 1 (p62) gene increases osteoclastogenesis but does not induce Paget disease
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JCI table of contents: Dec. 21, 2006
AUTHOR CONTACT:
Noriyoshi Kurihara
VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Contact: Karen Honey
Journal of Clinical Investigation
Pain Relief Effectiveness Down To Mind-Set?
Research by the Human Pain Research Group at The University of Manchester suggests that people's responses to placebo or "dummy" pain relief varies according to their way of thinking.
40 pain-free volunteers took part in an experiment funded by the Arthritis Research Campaign using an artificial pain stimulus, and were led to expect reduced pain after the application of a cream which was actually a placebo.
Lead researcher Alison Watson said: "Any medical treatment involves a placebo element; the psychological suggestion that it is going to work. So we theorised that a proportion of any treatment's effectiveness would relate to how much we wanted it to work, believed in it or trusted the person administering it.
"Doctors and nurses can transmit a lot of information about a treatment and its effectiveness through their words and gestures. We know that when people visit their preferred GP the treatment or advice they receive will be more effective than that given by a GP they prefer not to see. Similarly, red pills have been shown to be more effective than green ones; so we wanted to test whether all this was due to expectations of successful treatment and trust in the person giving it."
24 of the volunteers initially received a moderately painful heat stimulus to both arms. The placebo cream was then applied to the skin, but they were led to believe that the cream on one of their arms may be a local anaesthetic.
After the application of the cream, the intensity of the heat stimulus was turned down on one arm without informing the volunteer. Subsequently the intensity was returned to its previous level, but - in contrast to the 16 people in the control group - 67% of the treatment group continued to perceive the heat as less painful.
Alison said: "The expectation of pain relief leads to a release of endorphins, the brain's natural pain killers, which is likely to contribute to a sensation of reward and well-being.
"Interestingly, there was an exact split in the range of responses to the placebo; a third of people reporting a reduction in the pain intensity in the "treated" arm only, another third in both arms and the remainder's intensity-ratings not being influenced by the application of the cream. The different responses can be related to the different levels of pain relief the volunteers expected, which may have allowed their individual suggestibility to influence their assessment of the pain experience.
"Our findings suggest that different individuals may have different styles of placebo response, which is likely to affect how they respond to real treatments too. Understanding these differences could better inform the way doctors and nurses provide treatments in the future.
"It could also facilitate more effective clinical trial design, which could substantially reduce the costs of developing new pain killers for patients with conditions like cancer and arthritis.
"A further, exciting possibility is that we could develop talking and drug-based therapies to enhance people's response to placebos. The experimental methods we're using will allow us to test out such possibilities as a method of treating pain."
###
A copy of the full paper, published in the Elsevier journal Pain, is available upon request.
For further information
Mikaela Sitford:
Jo Nightingale:
The University of Manchester (http://www.manchester.ac.uk/) is the largest single-site higher education institution in the country, with 24 academic schools, over 5200 academic and research staff and around 36 000 students. It was awarded University of the Year by the Times Higher Educational Supplement in 2005 and The Sunday Times in 2006, and receives more undergraduate applications than any other UK university.
Its Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences (www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk) is one of the largest faculties of clinical and health sciences in Europe, with a research income of around ВЈ51 million (almost a third of the University's total research income). The School of Medicine http://www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk/) is the largest of its five Schools, encompasses five teaching hospitals and is closely linked to general hospitals and community practices across the North West of England.
The Arthritis Research Campaign (arc), founded in 1936, raises funds to promote medical research into the cause, treatment and cure of arthritic conditions: to educate medical students, doctors and allied healthcare professionals about arthritis and to provide information to people affected by arthritis and to the general public. arc is the only major medical research charity in the UK investigating arthritis in all its forms. Millions of pounds are provided every year for grants funding research, education and training.
Contact: Mikaela Sitford
University of Manchester
40 pain-free volunteers took part in an experiment funded by the Arthritis Research Campaign using an artificial pain stimulus, and were led to expect reduced pain after the application of a cream which was actually a placebo.
Lead researcher Alison Watson said: "Any medical treatment involves a placebo element; the psychological suggestion that it is going to work. So we theorised that a proportion of any treatment's effectiveness would relate to how much we wanted it to work, believed in it or trusted the person administering it.
"Doctors and nurses can transmit a lot of information about a treatment and its effectiveness through their words and gestures. We know that when people visit their preferred GP the treatment or advice they receive will be more effective than that given by a GP they prefer not to see. Similarly, red pills have been shown to be more effective than green ones; so we wanted to test whether all this was due to expectations of successful treatment and trust in the person giving it."
24 of the volunteers initially received a moderately painful heat stimulus to both arms. The placebo cream was then applied to the skin, but they were led to believe that the cream on one of their arms may be a local anaesthetic.
After the application of the cream, the intensity of the heat stimulus was turned down on one arm without informing the volunteer. Subsequently the intensity was returned to its previous level, but - in contrast to the 16 people in the control group - 67% of the treatment group continued to perceive the heat as less painful.
Alison said: "The expectation of pain relief leads to a release of endorphins, the brain's natural pain killers, which is likely to contribute to a sensation of reward and well-being.
"Interestingly, there was an exact split in the range of responses to the placebo; a third of people reporting a reduction in the pain intensity in the "treated" arm only, another third in both arms and the remainder's intensity-ratings not being influenced by the application of the cream. The different responses can be related to the different levels of pain relief the volunteers expected, which may have allowed their individual suggestibility to influence their assessment of the pain experience.
"Our findings suggest that different individuals may have different styles of placebo response, which is likely to affect how they respond to real treatments too. Understanding these differences could better inform the way doctors and nurses provide treatments in the future.
"It could also facilitate more effective clinical trial design, which could substantially reduce the costs of developing new pain killers for patients with conditions like cancer and arthritis.
"A further, exciting possibility is that we could develop talking and drug-based therapies to enhance people's response to placebos. The experimental methods we're using will allow us to test out such possibilities as a method of treating pain."
###
A copy of the full paper, published in the Elsevier journal Pain, is available upon request.
For further information
Mikaela Sitford:
Jo Nightingale:
The University of Manchester (http://www.manchester.ac.uk/) is the largest single-site higher education institution in the country, with 24 academic schools, over 5200 academic and research staff and around 36 000 students. It was awarded University of the Year by the Times Higher Educational Supplement in 2005 and The Sunday Times in 2006, and receives more undergraduate applications than any other UK university.
Its Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences (www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk) is one of the largest faculties of clinical and health sciences in Europe, with a research income of around ВЈ51 million (almost a third of the University's total research income). The School of Medicine http://www.mhs.manchester.ac.uk/) is the largest of its five Schools, encompasses five teaching hospitals and is closely linked to general hospitals and community practices across the North West of England.
The Arthritis Research Campaign (arc), founded in 1936, raises funds to promote medical research into the cause, treatment and cure of arthritic conditions: to educate medical students, doctors and allied healthcare professionals about arthritis and to provide information to people affected by arthritis and to the general public. arc is the only major medical research charity in the UK investigating arthritis in all its forms. Millions of pounds are provided every year for grants funding research, education and training.
Contact: Mikaela Sitford
University of Manchester
Physical Therapists Can Help Relieve Pain
In light of proposed sterner warning labels for acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen by federal health officials, patients may wish to consider the benefits of physical therapist intervention for pain relief from certain conditions, according to the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA).
"Many people are looking for alternatives to the sole use of medication to deal with painful conditions," said APTA President R Scott Ward, PT, PhD. "Pain medication may help you get through periods of severe pain, but it won't always help you eliminate the underlying cause of some kinds of pain. For many individuals, it is the underlying causes such as poor posture and alignment, weak and/or inflexible muscles, or tight joint structures that actually exacerbate the painful condition," Ward explained. "A physical therapist will perform a complete musculoskeletal examination and design an individualized treatment program to reduce pain and improve function."
There are many types of pain and inflammation that can be reduced by physical therapist intervention. For example, chronic pain in the back, shoulder, or knee, or pain associated with certain degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis, can be reduced with the appropriate combination of medication and exercise. "The physical therapist, in collaboration with the patient and the patient's physician, can help the patient manage his or her health over the long term," explained Ward.
For pain of a "mechanical" origin such as back, shoulder, or knee pain, physical therapist intervention may include therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, and functional training. "The goal of the physical therapist is to reduce pain, improve the ability to perform daily activities, and help the patient return to doing the things he or she likes to do," said Ward. "It is also true that patients may unknowingly contribute to their own pain, such as by exercising improperly or with poor posture, and physical therapists can identify and help to correct those behaviors." Ward added, "Through the use of home programs designed to fit the patient's needs, the physical therapist can efficiently progress the patient's rehabilitation and teach the patient how to prevent a recurrence of the original condition."
For osteoarthritis, a degenerative disease of the cartilage and bone, physical therapist intervention may include exercises for strength, flexibility, range of motion, and the use of devices designed to rest or support the joint, such as orthotics or splints.
Physical therapists, who treat nearly 1 million people every day, work with individuals to prevent the loss of mobility before it occurs by developing fitness- and wellness-oriented programs for healthier and more active lifestyles. Many insurance policies also cover post-rehabilitation gym programs. "Most people who desire a fitness plan are not athletes," Ward explained. "They are 'ordinary people' who exercise lightly to moderately. Many have a prior health condition, such as chronic low back pain, that can benefit greatly from physical therapist management focused on increasing muscle strength and endurance, restoring and improving range of motion in joints, increasing cardiovascular endurance, and decreasing muscle and joint pain." The physical therapist individualizes exercise programs based on functional limitations as a result of injury or illness.
For more information on physical therapy or to find a physical therapist near you, please visit http://www.apta.org/consumer.
The American Physical Therapy Association (http://www.apta.org) is a national professional organization representing more than 70,000 physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and students. Its goal is to foster advancements in physical therapy practice, research, and education.
American Physical Therapy Association
http://www.apta.org
"Many people are looking for alternatives to the sole use of medication to deal with painful conditions," said APTA President R Scott Ward, PT, PhD. "Pain medication may help you get through periods of severe pain, but it won't always help you eliminate the underlying cause of some kinds of pain. For many individuals, it is the underlying causes such as poor posture and alignment, weak and/or inflexible muscles, or tight joint structures that actually exacerbate the painful condition," Ward explained. "A physical therapist will perform a complete musculoskeletal examination and design an individualized treatment program to reduce pain and improve function."
There are many types of pain and inflammation that can be reduced by physical therapist intervention. For example, chronic pain in the back, shoulder, or knee, or pain associated with certain degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis, can be reduced with the appropriate combination of medication and exercise. "The physical therapist, in collaboration with the patient and the patient's physician, can help the patient manage his or her health over the long term," explained Ward.
For pain of a "mechanical" origin such as back, shoulder, or knee pain, physical therapist intervention may include therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, and functional training. "The goal of the physical therapist is to reduce pain, improve the ability to perform daily activities, and help the patient return to doing the things he or she likes to do," said Ward. "It is also true that patients may unknowingly contribute to their own pain, such as by exercising improperly or with poor posture, and physical therapists can identify and help to correct those behaviors." Ward added, "Through the use of home programs designed to fit the patient's needs, the physical therapist can efficiently progress the patient's rehabilitation and teach the patient how to prevent a recurrence of the original condition."
For osteoarthritis, a degenerative disease of the cartilage and bone, physical therapist intervention may include exercises for strength, flexibility, range of motion, and the use of devices designed to rest or support the joint, such as orthotics or splints.
Physical therapists, who treat nearly 1 million people every day, work with individuals to prevent the loss of mobility before it occurs by developing fitness- and wellness-oriented programs for healthier and more active lifestyles. Many insurance policies also cover post-rehabilitation gym programs. "Most people who desire a fitness plan are not athletes," Ward explained. "They are 'ordinary people' who exercise lightly to moderately. Many have a prior health condition, such as chronic low back pain, that can benefit greatly from physical therapist management focused on increasing muscle strength and endurance, restoring and improving range of motion in joints, increasing cardiovascular endurance, and decreasing muscle and joint pain." The physical therapist individualizes exercise programs based on functional limitations as a result of injury or illness.
For more information on physical therapy or to find a physical therapist near you, please visit http://www.apta.org/consumer.
The American Physical Therapy Association (http://www.apta.org) is a national professional organization representing more than 70,000 physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and students. Its goal is to foster advancements in physical therapy practice, research, and education.
American Physical Therapy Association
http://www.apta.org
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